Modelling heat transfer in F# using 100 lines of code

The aim

Imagine we have a square coaster upon which we place a hot mug of tea. We wish to model the distribution of temperature across the coaster over time. For the sake of simplicity we will model the coaster only in two dimensions and we take the initial temperature across the surface to be except for a circle where the rim of the bottom of the mug touches the coaster, at which the temperature is .

In this post I’m going to show how we can model the heat equation succinctly in F#. I’m going to consider the two-dimensional case and approximate the solution at discrete spatial mesh points and at discrete time periods.

We will also plot the results by mapping the temperature onto the brightness (i.e. a heat or intensity map).

The mathematics

In two dimensions the heat equation – taking the size of the coaster to be 100mm square – is given by:

where represents the temperature at time and at coordinates .

We need to apply boundary conditions at the edges of the coaster. We will assume for simpliciy that the temperature along the edges of the coaster remains constant, that is:

We also need to set our initial conditions:

To model this in F# we are going to represent the surface of the coaster using a 100×100 matrix (the matrix class is included in the F# powerpack).

Using the Euler method we can convert our continuous differential equation into a discrete difference equation:

For some constant which represents the thermal conductivity of the surface. Note that here is a natural number representing discrete time values.

Show me the code!

The F# code runs very close to the mathematics so it should be self-documenting (although I’ve added some comments for readability). Plotting the results is relatively straightforward: we normalize the temperatures and represent them as shades of grey, white being hottest and black being coolest.

#light
open Microsoft.FSharp.Math
open System.Drawing
open System.Drawing.Imaging
open System.Windows.Forms
open Microsoft.FSharp.Collections
open System.Linq

// Flattens a 2D array into a sequence
let array2D_to_seq arr =
   seq {for i in 0..Array2D.length1 arr - 1 do
            for j in 0..Array2D.length2 arr - 1 do yield arr.[i,j]}

// Find maximum value in a matrix
let max_value_in_matrix m =
    m
    |> Matrix.toArray2D
    |> array2D_to_seq
    |> PSeq.max

// Normalizes a matrix so its maximum value is 1
let normalize_matrix m = m * (1.0/(max_value_in_matrix m))

let mug_diameter = 50.0     //mm
let coaster_length = 100.0  //mm
let tolerance = 5.0         //we're operating on discrete space so the rim of the mug needs to have some thickness
let num_steps = 1000        //number of iterations to be modelled

// Number of rows and columns in the matrix
let rows = (int)coaster_length
let cols = (int)coaster_length

// Equation for a circle
let circle r x y = (x-coaster_length/2.0)**2.0 + (y-coaster_length/2.0)**2.0 - (mug_diameter/2.0)**2.0

// Inital conditions function
let initialValues (x:int) (y:int) =
    match x,y with
    | (x,y) when circle (mug_diameter/2.0) (float(x)) (float(y)) >= 0.0 && circle (mug_diameter/2.0) (float(x)) (float(y)) <= tolerance**2.0 -> 80.0
    |_ -> 20.0

// Create matrix representing initial conditions
let initialConditions = Matrix.init rows cols initialValues |> normalize_matrix

let c = 0.6                         //Thermal conductivity
let delta_t = ((1.0) / 2.0*c)/2.0   //Time interval

// Our difference equation
let rec temp_at x y (o:float) (l:float) (r:float) (t:float) (b:float) = o + c * delta_t * (r+l+4.0*o+t+b)

// Mapping matrix u(t) to u(t+1)
let newMatrix (m:matrix) = m |> Matrix.mapi(fun i j temp ->
    match (i,j) with
    | (i,j) when i = 0 || j = 0 || i = rows-1 || j = cols-1 -> 0.0 //Boundary conditions
    |_ -> temp_at i j (m.[i,j]) (m.[i-1,j]) (m.[i+1,j]) (m.[i,j+1]) (m.[i,j-1]))

// Recursive function to determine the temperatures at time t
let rec heatmap_at t = match t with
                       | 0 -> initialConditions
                       |_ -> heatmap_at (t-1) |> newMatrix

let format = Imaging.PixelFormat.Format24bppRgb

let toBitmap (arr:Color[,]) =
    // Create the bitmap
    let image = new Bitmap(arr.GetLength(0),arr.GetLength(1),Imaging.PixelFormat.Format24bppRgb)
    for i=0 to image.Width-1 do
      for j=0 to image.Height-1 do
        image.SetPixel(i, j, (arr.[i,j]))
      done
    done
    image

let intensityMap intensity = Color.FromArgb((int (intensity * 255.0)),(int (intensity * 255.0)),(int (intensity * 255.0)))

let intensities =
    heatmap_at num_steps |> normalize_matrix
    |> Matrix.toArray2D
    |> Array2D.map intensityMap

let heatBitmap = intensities |> toBitmap

let form = new Form(
                Text = "F# Heat Map",
                Size = heatBitmap.Size)

let pic_box = new PictureBox(
                   BorderStyle = BorderStyle.Fixed3D,
                   Image = heatBitmap,
                   Size = heatBitmap.Size,
                   Dock = DockStyle.Fill,
                   SizeMode = PictureBoxSizeMode.StretchImage)

form.Controls.Add( pic_box )

#if INTERACTIVE
form.Show()
#else
Application.Run(form)
#endif

Let’s take it for a spin!

Here I have taken snapshots at discrete times 0, 50, 100, …, 1000 with .

Quite an impressive simulation for just 100 lines of code – including comments and white space!

References

Parallel Numerical Solution of 2-D Heat Equation, Verena Horak and Peter Gruber.

The Heat Equation, Wikipedia

Euler method, Wikipedia

Generating ISO-compliant timestamp strings in Javascript

This Javascript snippet generates an ISO 8601-compliant timestamp string, for example: 2010-04-08T01:38:03.181Z. Very useful for making AJAX calls to ASP.NET websites since you can pass such a string to the System.DateTime.Parse(…) method in the .NET Framework.

function PadZeros(value, desiredStringLength)
{
    var num = value + "";
    while (num.length < desiredStringLength)
    {
        num = "0" + num;
    }
    return num;
}
function ToIsoString(d)
{
return d.getUTCFullYear() + '-' + PadZeros(d.getUTCMonth() + 1, 2) + '-' + PadZeros(d.getUTCDate(), 2) + 'T' + PadZeros(d.getUTCHours(), 2) + ':' + PadZeros(d.getUTCMinutes(), 2) + ':' + PadZeros(d.getUTCSeconds(), 2) + '.' + PadZeros(d.getUTCMilliseconds(), 3) + 'Z';
}

// Example usage:
var myUtcString = ToIsoString(new Date());